Ghadar Party
The Ghadar Party was a revolutionary group founded by Indians in the United
States with the aim of securing India’s independence from British rule. The Ghadar Party,
also known as the Ghadar Movement, was a revolutionary political organization founded
in the United States in 1913 by expatriate Indians with the goal of overthrowing British
rule in India. Led by Sohan Singh Bhakna, the party aimed to achieve Indian independence
through armed revolution, viewing the mainstream Indian National Congress as too
moderate.
Lala Hardayal emerged as a key leader in the Ghadar movement, establishing a central
committee with headquarters at the Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
The party was initially named Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) by
Bismil when he formed it in 1923. The main reason for the party’s formation was
Mahatma Gandhi’s calling off the non-cooperation movement in 1922 because of the
Chauri Chaura incident. While some of the leaders of the Indian National Congress broke
away from it and formed the Swaraja Party, some of the younger nationalists and workers
became disillusioned with the idea of non-violence and considered revolutionary
movements as a way to achieve freedom. Bismil himself had opposed Gandhi in the 1922
session of the INC at Gaya.

Important Mesolithic Sites
• In Rajasthan, Bagor is almost largest Mesolithic site in India. Other major Mesolithic
sites in Rajasthan are Tilwara, Pachpadra basin and Sojat Area etc.
• In Guajarat, mesolithic sites include those on banks of river Sabarmati asuch as
Akhaj, Valsana, Hirpur, Langhanj etc.
• In Uttar Pradesh, Sarai Nahar Rai, Morhana Pahar and Lekkahia are important
Mesolithic sites.

• In Madhya Pradesh, Bhimbetka along with Adamgarh, Chaturbhujnath Nala are
major Mesolithic sites.
• In Jharkhand Chhota nagpur plateau is a major Mesolithic site in India.
• In Odisha, Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Sundergarh are major mesolithic sites.
• In South India, Mesolithic sites are abundant in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh.
Other Important Neolithic Sites
• In Kashmir valley, Burzahom (meaning place of birth) and Gufkral (meaning cave of
the potter) are important Neolithic / Chalcolithic sites.
• In Uttar Pradesh, Belan valley is a Neolithic site known as earliest rice-farming
community in India.

Statement 1: This statement is correct. The Purusha Sukta hymn in the Tenth Mandala of
the Rig Veda contains the earliest known reference to the four varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas,
Vaishyas, and Shudras), describing their origin from the body of the primordial being
Purusha.
Statement 2: This statement is incorrect. The Varna system, as it developed, became a
hierarchical and largely rigid system. Individuals were generally born into a specific varna,
and social mobility between varnas was highly restricted or non-existent. It did not
encourage striving for better positions through mobility.
Therefore, only the first statement is correct.

There were no unhealthy restrictions upon Hindu women in those days,
no rules to keep them secluded or debarred from their legitimate place in society. A girl
generally selected her own husband, but her parents’ wishes were for the most part
respected. We have frequent allusions to careful and industrious wives who superintended
the arrangements of the house, and, like the dawn, roused everyone in the morning and
sent him to his work. Girls who remained unmarried obtained a share in the paternal
property. Widows could re-marry after the death of their husbands. (Reference: RC Datt)

In Odisha, the place of Inchudi in Balasore district is often referred to as "Dandi" or
"the second Dandi". This is because Inchudi was a significant site for the Salt Satyagraha
movement in Odisha, which was similar to Mahatma Gandhi's Salt March to Dandi in
Gujarat.

Naxalbari uprising: It was an armed peasant revolt in 1967 in the Naxalbari block of Siliguri
subdivision in Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India. It was mainly led by local tribals and
the radical communist leaders of Bengal and further developed into Communist Party of
India (Marxist–Leninist) in 1969.
The uprising occurred in such a situation that a great turmoil was going on with in the
communist organisations of the world and also the Indian nation following the Sino-Soviet
split.
The leader and ideologue of the uprising Charu Majumdar presumed that the time was ripe
for launching an armed protracted people's war in India following the Chinese Revolution
(1949), Vietnam War and Cuban Revolution.
It was mainly led by local tribals and the radical communist leaders of Bengal and further
developed into Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) in 1969.
It was initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha: This is incorrect. The Naxalbari uprising was
initiated by radical communist leaders and tribals in the Naxalbari region of West Bengal.

The movement resulted in clashes between Jotedars and Bargadars: This is correct. The
movement led to violent clashes between the Jotedars (landlords) and Bargadars
(sharecroppers)

The Ryotwari Settlement system was introduced in British India by Thomas Munro and
Alexander Reed: This is correct. Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Read introduced the
Ryotwari system in the late 18th century, and it was formalized by Munro in 1820.
Under this system, the British government collected land revenue directly from the ryots:
This is correct. The Ryotwari system established a direct relationship between the British
government and the cultivators (ryots), bypassing intermediaries.

The Fraser Commission of 1903 was established to investigate the working
of the police administration in British India and to suggest improvements.

The Regulating Act of 1773 laid the foundation of central administration in
India. It was the first step taken by the British government to control and regulate the
affairs of the East India Company, establishing a central administrative system in British
India.

Tebhaga Movement (1946-47): It was a peasant resistance that erupted in Bengal in 1946
47 under the leadership of Bangiya Pradeshik Kisan Sabha (BPKS). It demanded a reduction
in the jotedars' (landlords) share in the crop harvest from half to one-third.
The Tebhaga Movement was a significant peasant agitation that took place in
Bengal from 1946 to 1947. It was initiated by the All India Kisan Sabha, the peasant front of
the Communist Party of India. The term "Tebhaga" means "three shares," reflecting the
movement's primary demand: sharecroppers (tenants) wanted two-thirds of the produce
from the land, leaving one-third for the landlords.

The movement was marked by intense and sometimes violent protests, as
sharecroppers sought to reduce the landlords' share of the harvest. It occurred on the eve
of India's independence and the partition of Bengal, making it one of the most intense
peasant revolutions in Indian history.

Partition of Bengal - Lord Curzon: Correct. The Partition of Bengal was carried out by Lord
Curzon in 1905.
Communal Award - Lord Irvin: Incorrect. The Communal Award was announced by British
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in 1932.
Chauri Chaura - Lord Reading: Correct. The Chauri Chaura incident occurred in 1922 during
the tenure of Lord Reading.
Ghadar Mutiny - Lord Chelmsford: Correct. The Ghadar Mutiny took place during the
tenure of Lord Chelmsford.

The UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948: This is
correct. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted on December 10,
1948.
It is legally binding on member states of the United Nations: This is incorrect. The UDHR is
not legally binding; it is a declaration that sets out fundamental human rights to be
universally protected.
The right to seek asylum from persecution in other countries is a universal human right:
This is correct. Article 14 of the UDHR states that everyone has the right to seek and to
enjoy asylum from persecution in other countries.

Muddiman Committee - To examine the working of Diarchy of the Montague-Chelmsford
reforms: Correct. The Muddiman Committee was set up to review the working of the
Diarchy introduced by the Montague-Chelmsford reforms.
Butler Commission - Indian States relation with British Crown: Correct. The Butler
Commission was established to examine the relationship between the Indian states and the
British Crown.
Floud Commission - To suggest measures on Bengal Famine 1943: Incorrect. The Floud
Commission was actually set up to examine the conditions of the peasantry in Bengal and
suggest measures for their improvement, not specifically for the Bengal Famine of 1943.

The Famine Inquiry Commission, also known as the Woodhead Commission, was appointed
in 1944. Chaired by Sir John Woodhead, it included Hindu and Muslim representatives and
the nutrition expert Sir Manital Nanavati.
Richard Strachey Commission of 1880 was created to develop a general strategy and
principles to deal with the famines. It was the first Famine commission and was constituted
during the period of Lord Lytton.
Lee Commission - The methods of recruitment for Europeans and Indians in the civil
services: Correct. The Lee Commission was set up to examine and recommend methods of
recruitment for Europeans and Indians in the civil services.

Champaran Satyagraha - First Non-Cooperation: This is incorrect. The Champaran
Satyagraha (1917) was Gandhi's first active involvement in the Indian freedom struggle, but
it was not a non-cooperation movement. It was a protest against the exploitation of indigo
farmers.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike - First Hunger Strike: This is correct. The Ahmedabad Mill Strike
(1918) was where Gandhi undertook his first hunger strike to support the mill workers'
demand for better wages.

Kheda Satyagraha - First Civil Disobedience: This is incorrect. The Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
was a peasant struggle against the British government's tax policies, but it was not the first
instance of civil disobedience.
Rowlatt Satyagraha - First mass-strike: This is correct. The Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919) was
Gandhi's first mass protest against the repressive Rowlatt Act, involving widespread strikes
and demonstrations.

Moderate Phase(1885-1905)
• For a period the congress had support from British administrators and between
1885-1905, its leaders were known as moderates.
• These moderates believed in the fairness of the British and their justice methods and
used peaceful methods to make their demand. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Their demands included expanding legislative councils, providing more opportunities
for Indians in civil services, granting more power to local bodies, reducing land
revenues, and protecting peasants from unjust landlords. Hence statement 3 is
correct.
Methods used by Moderates:
• They used petitions, resolutions, meetings, pamphlets, and memoranda to present
their demands.

• They confined their political activities to the educated classes only. Hence statement
2 is correct.
• The aim was to attain political rights and self-government stage by stage.

• Pair 1: Aravippuram Movement : K. Kelappan This pair is incorrect. The
Aravippuram Movement, which challenged caste discrimination in Kerala, was
primarily led by Sree Narayana Guru. K. Kelappan was a prominent figure in other
social and political movements in Kerala, particularly the Vaikom Satyagraha.
• Pair 2: Nair Movement : E. V. Ramaswami Naicker This pair is incorrect. The Nair
Movement in Kerala aimed at the social and economic advancement of the Nair
community. While various leaders were involved, it was not primarily led by E. V.
Ramaswami Naicker (Periyar), who was the leader of the Self-Respect Movement in
Tamil Nadu, advocating for the rights of non-Brahmins.
• Pair 3: Mahars Movement : B.R. Ambedkar This pair is correct. B.R. Ambedkar was
the central figure and leader of the movement by the Mahar community (an
untouchable caste) in Maharashtra, fighting for their social equality and rights.
Therefore, only one pair is correctly matched.

Statement 1: This statement is incorrect. While Subhash Chandra Bose played a pivotal
role in reorganizing and leading the INA to become a significant force during World War II,
the idea and initial formation of the INA are credited to Captain Mohan Singh. He formed
the first INA with Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese after the fall of
Singapore in 1942. Subhash Chandra Bose arrived in Singapore later, in 1943, and took over
its leadership, giving it a new impetus and structure.
Statement 2: This statement is incorrect. The INA (Indian National Army) did not shift its
headquarters from Singapore to Rangoon in 1945. The headquarters were moved to

Rangoon in January 1944, not 1945. The INA's involvement in World War II, particularly its
operations in Burma (Rangoon), ended well before 1945.

Statement 1: Became President of Congress in 1937 and 1938. This statement is partially
correct. Subhash Chandra Bose was indeed elected President of the Indian National
Congress for two consecutive terms, but the years were 1938 (at the Haripura session) and
1939 (at the Tripuri session). He did not serve as President in 1937.
Statement 2: Chittaranjan Das was the political guru of Subhash Bose. This statement is
correct. Subhash Chandra Bose deeply admired Chittaranjan Das and considered him his
political mentor. Das played a significant role in shaping Bose's early political ideology and
career.

The Hoysaleshwara Temple is a prominent example of the Vesara style of architecture.
Sri Rama Temple, Ayodhya: The traditional Nagara style of architecture is expected to be
prominent in the newly constructed Sri Rama Temple in Ayodhya, aligning with the
architectural traditions of North India.

Konark Temple: The Konark Sun Temple in Odisha is a magnificent example of the Kalinga
style of North Indian temple architecture.

• Pair 1: Rajagopalachari : Thanjavur coast This pair is correct. C. Rajagopalachari led
the Salt Satyagraha march from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranyam on the Thanjavur
coast of Tamil Nadu.
• Pair 2: K. Kelappan : Malabar region This pair is correct. K. Kelappan was a
prominent leader of the Salt Satyagraha in the Malabar region of Kerala.
• Pair 3: Gopalbandhu Chaudhuri : Balasore This pair is correct. Gopalbandhu
Chaudhuri was a key figure in leading the Salt Satyagraha in the Balasore district of
Odisha. Given my current location in Soro, Odisha, I have a particular awareness of
the local significance of leaders like Gopalbandhu Chaudhuri in this movement.
Therefore, all three pairs are correctly matched.

• I. Simon Commission: This commission was appointed in 1927 and arrived in India in 1928.
• II. Sharda Act: This act, which raised the age of marriage for girls and boys, was
passed in 1929.
• III. Hindu Women's Property Act: This act, granting certain property rights to Hindu
women, was passed in 1937.
• IV. August Offer: This proposal by the British government relating to India's political
future was made in 1940.
Therefore, the correct chronological order is I, II, III, and IV.

Statement 1: This statement is correct. The Government of India Act of 1935 provided the
legal framework for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Although the idea
for a central bank existed before, this Act was instrumental in its actual creation in 1935.
Statement 2: This statement is also correct. The Government of India Act of 1935
established a bicameral (two-house) legislature at the federal (central) level. These two
houses were indeed the Federal Assembly (the lower house) and the Council of States (the
upper house).
Since both statements are correct, the appropriate answer is:
The correct option is c) Both 1 and 2.

Statement 1: This statement is partially correct. While the Simon Commission's report
(submitted in 1930) was indeed one of the significant inputs considered during the
formulation of the Government of India Act of 1935, the Act was also heavily influenced by
the deliberations at the Round Table Conferences (1930-1932) and the subsequent White
Paper issued by the British government. So, it wasn't solely based on the Simon
Commission's recommendations.
Statement 2: This statement is correct. A key feature of the Government of India Act of
1935 was the proposal for an All-India Federation, which would consist of both the British
Indian provinces and the princely states. However, this federation never fully materialized
due to the reluctance of many princely states to join.

Statement 1: This statement is correct. The Indian Councils Act of 1892 did indeed expand
the size of the legislative councils at both the central and provincial levels. This allowed for
greater representation of Indians, although the official majority was maintained.
Statement 2: This statement is incorrect. The Indian Councils Act of 1892 did not introduce
direct elections. Instead, it provided for the nomination of some non-official members to
the legislative councils based on the recommendations of certain bodies like universities,
district boards, municipalities, and chambers of commerce. This was a form of indirect
representation, not direct election by the general populace. Direct elections to legislative
councils were introduced later by the Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms).
Therefore, only the first statement is correct. The correct option is a) 1 only.

Statement 1: This statement is correct. The Government of India Act of 1919 introduced
the system of dyarchy at the provincial level. Under this system, provincial subjects were
indeed divided into two categories: "reserved" subjects, which were kept under the control
of the Governor and his executive council, and "transferred" subjects, which were to be
administered by ministers responsible to the provincial legislative councils.
Statement 2: This statement is incorrect. The allocation of subjects was different.
Generally:
• Reserved subjects typically included more sensitive and crucial portfolios like
finance, law and order, police, land revenue, and irrigation. These were under the

direct control of the Governor and his executive council, who were not responsible
to the elected legislature.
• Transferred subjects usually included areas like education, health, agriculture, local
self-government, and public works. These were administered by ministers chosen
from the elected members of the provincial legislative councils and were
accountable to them.
Therefore, the second statement misrepresents the division of subjects under the
dyarchy system introduced by the Government of India Act of 1919.

Statement 1: This statement is correct. The Indian Councils Act of 1892 did indeed expand
the size of the legislative councils at both the central and provincial levels. This allowed for
greater representation of Indians, although the official majority was maintained.
Statement 2: This statement is incorrect. The Indian Councils Act of 1892 did not introduce
direct elections. Instead, it provided for the nomination of some non-official members to
the legislative councils based on the recommendations of certain bodies like universities,
district boards, municipalities, and chambers of commerce. This was a form of indirect
representation, not direct election by the general populace. Direct elections to legislative
councils were introduced later by the Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms).
Therefore, only the first statement is correct. The correct option is a) 1 only.

Statement 1: This statement is correct. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 reversed the
centralization of legislative powers that had occurred under previous acts (especially the
Charter Act of 1833). It restored the power to the legislative councils of the Bombay and

Madras Presidencies to make laws for their respective territories. However, these laws still
required the assent of the Governor-General.
Statement 2: This statement is incorrect. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 formally
recognized and gave statutory basis to the portfolio system. This system, which had been
informally introduced by Lord Canning earlier, involved assigning specific portfolios or
departments to the members of the Governor-General's Executive Council. This marked a
significant step towards a cabinet form of government.
Therefore, only the first statement is correct. The correct option is a) 1 only.

Pitt's India Act of 1784:
Statement 1: This statement is correct. Pitt's India Act of 1784 is indeed sometimes
referred to as the East India Company Act of 1784, as it primarily aimed to reorganize the
administration of the East India Company's territories in India. The short title of the Act was
"An Act for the better Government of the Territories of the East India Company in India and
elsewhere."
Statement 2: This statement is also correct. Pitt's India Act of 1784 was enacted largely to
rectify the perceived inadequacies and ambiguities of the Regulating Act of 1773. The earlier
act had attempted to regulate the East India Company but had created its own set of
problems, particularly regarding the division of powers between the Governor-General and
his council, and the lack of clear separation between the Company's commercial and
political functions. Pitt's India Act aimed to establish a more effective system of control by
the British government over the Company's affairs.
Since both statements accurately describe aspects of Pitt's India Act of 1784, the correct
answer is: The correct option is c) Both 1 and 2.

Statement 1: This statement is correct. The Regulating Act of 1773 indeed elevated the
Governor of Bengal to the title of Governor General of Bengal. The Act also established an
Executive Council of four members to assist the Governor General in his duties. Warren
Hastings became the first Governor General of Bengal under this Act.
Statement 2: This statement is also correct. The Regulating Act of 1773 provided for the
establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcutta (now Kolkata). This Supreme Court was vested
with jurisdiction over civil, criminal, admiralty, and ecclesiastical matters for British subjects
and individuals in the service of the East India Company within Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
Since both statements accurately describe provisions of the Regulating Act of 1773, the
correct answer is:
The correct option is c) Both 1 and 2.

All of the following journals is/are published by Dr. B R Ambedkar.

Mooknayak: This journal was indeed started by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1920. It served as a
powerful voice for the marginalized communities and addressed issues of social justice and
equality.
Bahishkrit Bharat: This was another significant journal published by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. It
was launched in 1927 and continued to advocate for the rights and empowerment of the
oppressed. The name itself, meaning "Ostracized India," reflects the social realities
Ambedkar fought against.
Samatha: While Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was deeply involved in promoting equality ("Samatha"
means equality or justice). He founded and edited several other publications that
championed the cause of equality, but "Samatha" as a distinct journal published by him.

The Maratha family and their associated region are correctly matched:
Pair 1: Gaekwad : Nagpur This pair is incorrect. The Gaekwad dynasty was primarily
associated with Baroda (present-day Vadodara in Gujarat). The Bhonsle family ruled Nagpur.
Pair 2: Bhonsle : Baroda This pair is incorrect. As mentioned above, the Bhonsle dynasty
had their seat of power in Nagpur. The Gaekwads were associated with Baroda.
Pair 3: Holkars : Indore. This pair is correct. The Holkar dynasty established their rule in

Indore.

Pair 4: Sindhias : Gwalior. This pair is correct. The Scindia (anglicized as Sindhia) dynasty
ruled the state of Gwalior.
Pair 5: Peshwa : Nashik. This pair is incorrect. While the Peshwas were highly influential
figures in the Maratha Confederacy, their primary seat of power was Pune (formerly Poona).
Nashik held religious and some historical significance within the Maratha realm, but it
wasn't the main political center of the Peshwas.
Therefore, only two pairs are correctly matched: Holkars of Indore and Sindhias of
Gwalior.
The correct option is b) Only two pairs.

Statement 1: This statement is correct. The Prarthana Samaj was indeed founded in
Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1867, and Dr. Atmaram Pandurang was one of its primary
founders. Other notable figures associated with the Samaj included Mahadev Govind
Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar.
Statement 2: This statement is also correct. The Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India
Society) was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar
Savarkar in 1904. It was initially formed as Mitra Mela in Nashik and later renamed Abhinav
Bharat.
Since both statements are correct, the appropriate answer is:
The correct option is c) Both 1 and 2.

Government of India Act 1919 had introduced the system of dyarchy to govern
the provinces of British India. This act had a provision that a commission would be
appointed after 10 years to investigate the progress of the governance scheme and
suggest new steps for reform. The Simon Commission was opposed primarily because it
did not have any Indian representation in the assemblage. The government of Britain had
appointed this commission in 1927. The goal of the Simon Commission was to give an
account of how the Indian constitution was working.

Statement 1 is correct. Robert Clive indeed introduced the Dual System of Government in
Bengal in 1765.
Statement 2 is incorrect. While Warren Hastings did abolish the Dual System, it was in 1772,
not 1784.

The first census in India was carried out under the viceroyalty of Lord Mayo in
1872. While it was not a complete, synchronous census across all of India, it marked the
beginning of systematic demographic data collection. The first complete and synchronous
census was conducted in 1881 under the leadership of Lord Ripon.

Mahatma Gandhi revived the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932 after the failure
of the Second Round Table Conference held in London.

The Company lost all its administrative powers following the Government of India Act of
1858, and its Indian possessions and armed forces were taken over by the Crown .
Indian Independence Act, 1947 had seized the sovereignty and responsibility of the British
Crown. The treaty relations between Britain and the Indian States would come to an end,
and on 15 August 1947 the suzerainty of the British Crown was to lapse. Mountbatten ruled
out any dominion status for any of the princely states, and advised them to accede to one or
the other of the dominions, India and Pakistan.

The Wavell Plan was a proposal for Indian self-government that was introduced in
1945 at the Shimla Conference. The plan called for a new Executive Council with all Indian
members, including separate representation for Muslims and other religious groups.
Idea was to reconstruct the governor general's executive council pending the
preparation of a new constitution.
• For this purpose, a conference was convened Lord Wavell, at Shimla in June
1945.
• The main proposals of the Wavell Plan were as follows:
• Dominion Status to India
• With the exception of the Viceroy & the Commander-in-Chief, all members of the
executive council were to be Indians.
• Caste Hindus & Muslims were to have equal representation. Head of
Government –Indian, 5 ministers – Hindus, 5 ministers – Muslims, others – Dalits,
Sikhs etc.

• The reconstructed council was to function as an interim government within the
framework of the 1935 Act (i.e. not responsible to the Central Assembly).
• Governor- general was to exercise his veto on the advice of ministers.
• Representatives of different parties were, to submit a joint list to the viceroy for
nominations to the executive council. If a joint list was not possible, then
separate lists were to be submitted.
• Possibilities were to be, kept open for negotiations on a new constitution once
the war was finally won. Process of framing the constitution of India will start.

In 1928, the Bardoli Satyagraha saw the local farmers, led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,
refusing to pay the excessive land taxes imposed by the British authorities. The movement
gained widespread support, and after a long and intense struggle, a compromise was
reached, leading to a reduction in land taxes.
The Bardoli Satyagraha, was a farmers' agitation and nationalist movement in India against
the increased taxation of farmers by the colonial government. It demanded a cancellation of
the 22% tax hike being levied in Bombay Presidency.
The Bardoli Satyagraha, 1928 was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar
Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.

Communal Award was announced in the year 1932 (16th August) by British
prime minister Ramsay Mac Donald. Communal Award was announced to introduce
separate electorates for Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Untouchables. Lord Willingdon was the
viceroy of India at that time.

The "National Paper" newspaper was founded by Nabagopal Mitra in 1867. It was
financed by Debendranath Tagore. The "National Herald" newspaper was founded by
Jawaharlal Nehru in 1938, as a daily newspaper during the Indian freedom movement.

Indian Council Act (Morley-Minto Act) 1909: The Morley-Minto reforms named after the
Secretary of State for Indian Affairs Lord John Morley and the Viceroy Lord Minto was the
alternative name given to Indian Councils Act 1909. It introduced for the first time the
method of election.
Option a is correct: The act considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both
Central and provincial. The number of members in the Central Legislative Council was raised
from 16 to 60. The number of members in the provincial legislative councils was not
uniform.
Option b is incorrect: Indian Council Act (Morley-Minto Act) 1909 retained official majority
in the Central Legislative Council but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have
nonofficial majority.
Option c is correct: The act enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at
both the levels. For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move
resolutions on the budget, and so on.
Option d is correct: The act provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with
the executive Councils of the Viceroy. Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join
the Viceroy’s Executive Council. He was appointed as the law member. Two Indians were
nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs.

The Raleigh Commission was set up to inquire into the condition and
prospects of universities in India and to recommend proposals for improving their
constitution and working practices. For further reading check the following articles:
Government of India Act, 1919. British Raj.

The earliest epigraphic evidence to Utakaladesa is found from the Midnapur plate of
Somdatta which includes Dandabhuktiwithin its jurisdiction.
The Bhubaneswar temple inscription of Chandrikadevi describes that Chodaganga, whose
empire extended from the Godavari to the Ganges.

The main consequences of the revolt of 1857 include:
• The British crown took over as the rule of East India company ended
• New structure for the Indian government.
• Indian army reconstruction
• The policy of annexation ended
• Beginning of the divide and rule policy

The Ryotwari system was introduced in place of Zamindari in 'Ganjam plains'
of Chhatrapur, Berhampur and Ghumsar in early part of 19th century.

According to His Majesty, the King Emperor's Order-in-Council, dated 3 March, 1936,
the Odisha province was inaugurated on 1 April, 1936. Election was held for the provincial
assembly in January 1937, under the provision of provincial autonomy in the Government
of India Act, 1935. In March 1937 the Governor invited Biswanath Das the leader of the
Congress Legislature party, to form the ministry and be its head.
But Biswanath Das refused to accept the invitation in pursuance of the direction of
the All-India Congress Committee. The Governor then invited the Maharaja of Parlakimedi
to form the ministry. The Maharaja of Parlakimedi resigned and the first Congress ministry
in Odisha was formed with Biswanath Das as the Prime Minister on 19 July 1937. Besides
the Prime Minister, the Ministry had two ministers- Nityananda Kanungo and Bodhram
Dube. In October 1939, the All-India Congress Committee directed the Congress ministries
in all provinces to resign in protest. On 4 November 1939, the Congress ministry resigned in
Odisha.

The Rampa Rebellion of 1922, also known as the Manyam Rebellion, was a tribal
uprising led by Alluri Sitarama Raju in Godavari Agency of Madras Presidency, British
India. It began in August 1922 and lasted until the capture and killing of Raju in May 1924. In
1922, Indian revolutionary Alluri Sitaram Raju led the Rampa Rebellion against the British raj
for their imposition of the 1882 Madras Forest Act, which severely restricted the free
movement of the tribal community within their own forests.

The Nirankari Movement: This movement, initially an offshoot of Sikhism, was founded in
the 1840s by Baba Dayal Das (1783-1885), who emphasized the worship of God as nirankar
(formless God). His approach meant a rejection of idols, rituals associated with idolatry
and the Brahman priests who conducted these rituals. Dayal Das’s disciples were to
worship the formless God, obey theshabad (preaching) of the Guru, serve their parents,
avoid bad habits and earn their livelihood through work. Eating meat, drinking liquor, lying,
cheating, etc., were forbidden. The Nirankari movement stressed proper religious practice
and issued hukmnamas (injunctions) to define its ideology and precepts. The Nirankaris set
up a chain of worship centres staffed by their own priests and thus became a permanent
subsect of the Sikh religion.

Gurdwara Reform Movements: Before 1920 the Sikh Gurdwaras were governed by the
Udasi Sikhmahants, who treated the gurdwara offerings and other income of the gurdwaras
as their personal income. The British Government supported these mahants as a
counterpoise to the rising tide of nationalism among the Sikhs. Matters came to such a pass
that the priests of the Golden Temple issued a hukamnama (injunction) against the
Ghadarites, declaring them renegades, and then honoured General Dyer, the butcher of
Jallianwala massacre, with a saropa.
The Gurdwara Reform Movement launched an agitation for freeing the gurdwaras from
these corrupt mahants and for handing over the gurdwaras to a representative body of
Sikhs. Under the growing pressure of the nationalists and the gurdwara agitators, the
gurdwaras came under the control of an elected committee known as the Shiromani
Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, in November 1920. The movement for the liberation of
the gurdwaras soon turned into the Akali movement, which later on got divided into three

streams, namely moderate nationalist reformers, pro-government loyalists and the political
organ of Sikh communalism.

Indian (National) Social Conference: Indian (National) Social Conference was
founded by M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao. It was virtually the social reform cell of the
Indian National Congress. Its first session was held in Madras in December 1887. The
Conference met annually as a subsidiary convention of the Indian National Congress, at the
same venue, and focused attention on social reform. The Conference advocated intercaste
marriages and opposed kulinism and polygamy. It launched the famous “Pledge
Movement” to inspire people to take an oath to prohibit child marriage.

First statement is incorrect because Charter act of 1833 ended the monopoly of EIC to
trade in Tea. Also, the second statement is incorrect because it was Charter act of 1833
which made the Governor general of bengal as Governor general of British India. Kindly note
the points of charter act 1813:
The Charter act of 1813 ended the monopoly of the East India Company in India, however
the company’s monopoly in trade with China and trade in tea was remained intact. The
charter act of 1813, for the first time explicitly defined the constitutional position of the
British territories in India. This act also made provisions to grant permission to the persons
who wished to go to India for promoting moral and religious improvements. (Christian
Missionaries). This act regulated the company’s territorial revenues and commercial profits.
The company debt was to be reduced and dividend was fixed @10.5% per annum. There
was also a provision that Company should invest Rs. 1 Lakh every year on the education of
Indians. This act also empowered the local governments to impose taxes on the persons
subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Pakistan Resolution(1940) : All India Muslim League met in Lahore in March 1940 and
adopted a resolution that came to be known as the Lahore Resolution or Pakistan
Resolution. Its the first hand demand was partition of the country and creation of Muslim
nation named Pakistan.

Rejection of Rajaji's proposal by Congress (1944): The League was increasingly demanding a
separate nation of Pakistan for the Muslims whereas the INC was against the partitioning of
the country.
The Simla Conference of 1945 : The Wavell Plan was first presented at the Shimla
Conference in 1945. It was named after Viceroy of India, Lord Wavell. The Shimla
Conference was convened in order to agree on the Wavell Plan for Indian self-government,
which provided for separate representations on communal lines. Both the plan and the
conference failed on account of the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress not
coming to an agreement.

In the year 1866, the Bhartiya Brahmo Samaj was formed by Keshub Chandra Sen. The
question regarding Infallibility of the Vedas, led to a schism in the Brahmo Samaj and
formation of Bhartiya Brahmo Samaj.

• Pahariyas’ Rebellion: The British expansion on their territory led to an
uprising by the martial Pahariyas of the Raj Mahal Hills in 1778.
• Ho and Munda Uprisings (1820-1837),
• Kol Mutiny (1831) and
• Khond Uprisings (1837-1856)

• Warren Hastings: Abolished Dual system
• Lord Cornwallis: Permanent Settlement in Bengal
• Sir John Shore: Policy of Non-Interference
• Lord Wellesley: Subsidiary Alliance system

August offer announced by viceroy during 1940 in India
Hitler’s astounding success and the fall of Belgium, Holland and France put England in a
conciliatory mood. To get Indian cooperation in the war effort, the viceroy announced the
August Offer (August 1940) which proposed:
i. Dominion status as the objective for India.
ii. Expansion of viceroy’s executive council.
iii. Setting up of a constituent assembly after the war where mainly Indians would decide
the constitution according to their social, economic and political conceptions, subject to
fulfillment of the obligation of the Government regarding defence, minority rights, treaties
with states, all India services.
iv. No future constitution to be adopted without the consent of minorities.
The Congress rejected the August Offer. Nehru said, “Dominion status concept is dead as a
door nail.” Gandhi said that the declaration had widened the gulf between the nationalists
and the British rulers.
The Muslim League welcomed the veto assurance given to the League, and reiterated its
position that partition was the only solution to the deadlock.

Books/Publications by Mahatma Gandhi:
• Indian Opinion (1904, S.Africa)
• Hind Swaraj (1909, S.Africa)
• Young India (1919, India)
• Navajivan (1929, India)
• My experiments with truth (1921, India)
• Harijan (1933, India)

Statement 1 is incorrect: A number of revolutionary journals were released to propagate
the ideology of the revolutionists. These included the Yugantar which was started from
Bengal in 1906 by Barindrakumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Dutta. Sandhya from Bengal
which was also started in 1906 by Brahmabandhab Upadhyay. Kal was not associated with
Bengal. It originated in Maharashtra in 1906.
Statement 2 is correct: A number of newspapers and journals were started by the Indians
living abroad to develop an opinion for the Indian struggle which included Free Hindustan
started from Vancouver by Taraknath Das. Indian Sociologists started by Shyamji
Krishnavarma from London. Bande Mataram started by Madam Bikaji Cama from Paris and
Talvar started by Virendranath Chattopadhyay from Berlin

Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835): The famous Lord Macaulay’s Minute settled the row in
favour of Anglicists—the limited government resources were to be devoted to teaching of
Western sciences and literature through the medium of English language alone.

Lord Macaulay held the view that “Indian learning was inferior to European learning”—
which was true as far as physical and social sciences in the contemporary stage were
concerned.
The government soon made English as the medium of instruction in its schools and colleges
and opened a few English schools and colleges instead of a large number of elementary
schools, thus neglecting mass education.
The British planned to educate a small section of upper and middle classes, thus creating a
class “Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect”
who would act as interpreters between the government and masses and would enrich the
vernaculars by which knowledge of Western sciences and literature would reach the
masses. This was called the ‘downward filtration theory’.

The Anti-Partition Campaign was launched by Moderates to exert pressure on the
government to prevent the unjust partition of Bengal from being implemented.
The petitions were written to the government, public meetings were held. Newspapers like
the Bengalee, the Hitabadi, the Sanjibani, Indian Mirror, and Ananda Bazar Patrika carried
Moderate arguments and ideas.
The partition led to protest meetings in Bengal under which the pledge to boycott foreign
goods was first taken.
Vanguard was mouthpiece of Radical Democratic Party which was founded by M N Roy.
Its editor was Ram Singh. It was not related to anti-partition campaign.

Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties,
whereas Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any
duty other than revenue collection.
In Mughal India, Jagirdars under Mansabdari system were assigned land in lieu of assigned
duties towards the empire such as police,judicial,military; Zamindars too apart from
revenue collecting duties had to render military duties and perform Khidmat such as
rendering soldiers to fill the ranks of royal army at times of need and offer gifts at the royal
court.

Jagirdars were frequently transferred as promotion and demotion was a regular part of
empire as loyalties towards Emperor were largely dependent on the rank of jagir/mansab
held by a Noble; on the other hand, Zamindars had hereditary rights over revenue as their
sway over rural society was overarching in all aspects which rested on paternal and
patronage application of rituals.

Cartaze system in which every Indian ship sailing to a destination not reserved by the
Portuguese for their own trade had to buy a pass from the Portuguese viceroy of Goa if it
was to avoid the seizure and confiscation of its merchandise.

Judicial Reforms of Lord Cornwallis
• Abolishing the judicial functions of the Zamindars.
• Establishment of the Civil and Criminal Courts in districts.
• Establishment of Sa dr-Dew ani Adalat and Sadr-Nizamat.
• Bringing of the judicial proceedings in writing.
• Appointment of Indian Judges in Criminal Courts.
• Administration justice according to Quran for Muslims and Shastras for Hindus

Features of the Act of 1892:
1. It increased the number of additional (non-official) members in the Central and provincial
legislative councils, but maintained the official majority in them.
2. It increased the functions of legislative councils and gave them the power of discussing
the budget and addressing questions to the executive.
3. It provided for the nomination of some non-official members of the
(a) Central Legislative Council by the viceroy on the recommendation of the provincial
legislative councils and the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, and
(b) that of the Provincial legislative councils by the Governors on the recommendation of
the district boards, municipalities, universities, trade associations, zamindars and chambers.
‘The act made a limited and indirect provision for the use of election in filling up
some of the non-official seats both in the Central and provincial legislative councils. The
word “election” was, however, not used in the act. The process was described as
nomination made on the recommendation of certain bodies.

A system of legislative devolution began in India with Indian Councils Act 1861
which was enacted 3 years later. With this act, the Secretary of State for India was given
the responsibility to lay the statements of Revenues and Expenditures (might be a
prototype of Budget) in the British Parliament.
The secretary of state had to present report on Revenue, Railways, Law and
Construction before the House of Commons, the lower house of British Parliament. Without
the permission of Parliament, except in emergency case, Indian revenue could not be
utilized in military expedition/mission outside the Indian Territory. The British Parliament
could ask questions from the secretary of state in governance and revenue. The parliament
was empowered to criticize him and remove him.

Dual Government in Bengal (1765-72)
• After the battle of Buxar, the East India Company became the real masters of
Bengal. Robert Clive introduced the dual system of government, i.e., the rule of
the two— the Company and the Nawab—in Bengal in which both the diwani, i.e.,
collecting revenues, and nizamat, i.e., police and judicial functions, came under
the control of the Company.

The Company exercised diwani rights as the diwan and the nizamat rights
through its right to nominate the deputy subahdar. The Company acquired the
diwani functions from the emperor and nizamat functions from the subahdar of
Bengal. The dual system led to an administrative breakdown and proved
disastrous for the people of Bengal. Neither the Company nor the Nawab cared
for administration and public welfare. Warren Hastings did away with the dual
system in 1772.

The below tables lists some commission
• Charles Wood Despatch 1854 Lord Dalhousie Education
• Hunter Commission 1882- Lord Ripon- Education

• Raleigh Commission 1902 - Lord Curzon- Education
• Sadler Commission 1917 - Lord Chelmsford- Education
• Hartog Commission 1929 Lord Irwin Education
• Sargent Plan 1944 Lord Wavell Education
• Campbell Commission 1866 Sir John Lawrence Famine
• Stratchy Commission 1880 Lord Lytton , Famine
• Lyall Commission 1886 Lord d Elgin-II Famine
• MacDonnel Commission 1900 Lord Curzon Famine
• Mansfield Commission 1886 Lord Dufferin Currency
• Fowler Commission 1898 Lord Elgin-II Currency
• Babington Smith Commission 1919 Lord Chelmsford Currency
• Hilton young Commission 1939 Lord Linlithgow Currency
• Chatfield Commission 1939 Lord Linlithgow Army
• Hunter Commission 1919 Lord Chelmsford Punjab Disturbances
• Fraser Commission 1902 Lord Curzon Agriculture
• Butler Commission 1927 Lord Irwin Indian States
• Whitley Commission 1929 Lord Irwin Labour
• Sapru Commission 1935 Lord Linlithgow Unemployment
• FIoud Commission 1940 Lord Linlithgow Tenancy in Bengal

Policy of Masterly Inactivity (1862-76): The reigns of Lord Elgin-1 862-63, Lord
Lawrence (1864-69), Lord Mayo (1869- 72) and Lord Northbrook (1872-76) is called the
period of Policy of masterly inactivity in history. The main object of the policy during this
period was let things go quietly on to give the land rest. It was a policy as opposed to
Forward Policy followed by Lord Lytton.

Some important things done by Lord Curzon:
i. Appointed Famine Commission which submitted its report in 1901
ii. Extension of Railways and Irrigation
iii. Reduction of Sales tax to Half.
iv. All other agencies except the government forbidden to mint coins
v. British Pound made legal tender in India @15 Rupees.
vi. Limit of Taxable land increased from 500 to 1000 rupees a month
vii. CID department established in every province Salary of constables were increased.
viii. Official element in the management of universities was increased.
ix. Ancient Monument preservation act was passed
x. Imperial Cadet Corps was founded in 1901
xi. Partition of Bengal.

Further, Lord Curzon had introduced the Punjab Land Alienation Act in
1900. In this act, it was laid down that non-peasant could NOT buy lands from the peasants
and neither could be attached their lands in case of non-payment of debts and nor keep the
land in mortgage. The result was the moneylenders stopped lending money and Lord Curzon
had to open banks and these societies.

Lord Ripon remained India’s Viceroy from 1880-84. This liberal politician is known for
many reforms in the internal administration of India. The most important events during this
time were as follows:
• The Vernacular Press Act was repealed in 1882
• A Resolution in 1882 set off the institution of local self-government in India.
• Hunter Commission came in 1882 for the purpose of education reforms.
• The age for entry in the Civil Services was once again raised to 21 years.
• The First factory Act was enacted in 1881
• Introduction of Ilbert Bill in severely compromised state.
• The years 1882 and 1883 are memorable for these great measures. One
important one was the repeal of the Vernacular Press Act, which was passed by
his predecessor Lord Lytton in 1878.
Thus, he sat free the native journals from the last restrains on the free discussion of public
questions. In 1882, he granted freedom to the Press. He was the founder of local self
government in modern India and was fondly called “Ripon, the Good”.

Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)
On November 1, 1858, Lord Canning sent forth the royal proclamation in a grand Darbar at
Allahabad via which Queen Victoria intimated that she had assumed the direct government
of India. This proclamation also set forth the principles on the basis of which India was to be
governed in future and the British policy towards people of British-Indian territories and
princes. The key points from this are as follows:
• All treaties and engagements of East India Company with princely states would
be maintained and honoured.
• There will be no further extension of the territories of the erstwhile East India
Company. No encroachment on British territories in India would be allowed and
no encroachment will be done by British on territories of others.
• The rights, dignity and honour of native princes would be respected as our own.
• Expressed the desire that British subjects enjoy prosperity, social advancement
that can be only secured by internal peace and good government.
• Bound to natives of Indian territories by same obligations which bind us to other
subjects. Admission to services / offices of the government without
discrimination on race or creed.
• Amnesty to all except those who had directly taken part in the murder of British
subject
The above proclamation was called “Magnacarta of people of India” and was declared in
eloquent style to be in consonance with principle of justice and religious toleration as
guiding policy of queen’s rule.

The position of the English East India Company was superior to that of the
French East India Company. The second statement is not correct because the sea power of

the English was superior to that of the French. The merchant fleets of the English were
bigger and made regular voyages.

The Indian National Congress decided to take up the Swadeshi Call in its Benaras
Session in 1905. It was presided over by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. The resolution of the INC
supported the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement in Bengal started against the partition of
the province by the British.

Indian Penal Code 1862
The initial sketch of the Indian Penal Code was drawn by Lord Macaulay in 1830s,
but it was finally drafted in 1860 and came into force in 1862. Prior to that, the final draft
of Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure was ready in 1861. Before 1860, the basis of justice
was “The English Criminal Law” which was administered in the Presidency-Towns of
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. Indian Penal code was inherited by Pakistan after
separation and was later named Pakistan Penal Code. The same was adopted by
Bangladesh also. It was also adopted in almost all the British colonies of Asia such as Burma,
Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei.

The 1919 Act relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and
separating the central and provincial subjects.
• The central and provincial legislatures were authorised to make laws on their
respective list of subjects. However, the structure of government continued to be
centralised and unitary.
• It further divided the provincial subjects into two parts—transferred and reserved.
The transferred subjects were to be administered by the governor with the aid of
ministers responsible to the legislative Council.
• The reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to be administered by the governor
and his executive council without being responsible to the legislative Council. This
dual scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy’

The Wood's Despatch of 1854 is considered as 'Magna-Carta' of English Education
in India. The act spread western education in India which initially benefitted the Britishers
for creating a workforce of clerks. But after they left, the Indian Education system followed
the same pattern but to spread education. That is why it is known as Magna Carta of Indian
Education.

Rig-Veda
• Rig-Veda is oldest literature of the world and is known as “First testament” of
mankind.
• The famous Gayatri Mantra comes from third Mandala of Rig-Veda.
• The first hymn (1.1) of Rig-Veda is dedicated to Vedic God Agni.
• One entire Mandala (ninth) is dedicated to the Vedic beverage Soma.
• The Nadistuti sukta is hymn dedicated to 10 rivers of contemporary India.

The Nasadiya Sukta talks about the origin of the Universe and is part of 10th
Mandala. This Sukta states a paradox “not the non-existent existed, nor did the
existent exist then”. This particular statement has attracted a lots of commentaries
in both Indian and western theology.
• There are two branches of Rig-Veda viz. Shakala Shakha and Vatkal or Bhashkala
Shakha.
• Two Brahmans of Rig-Veda are Aitreya and Kaushitaki.
Yajurveda
• It contains rituals for yajnas and is ascribed to Advaryus who prepared
ground for Yajnas.
• It is world’s oldest prose literature.
• Two branches Shukla and Shyama. Shyama is older than Shukla and has
no separate Brahman.
• Shukla is newer and has three Brahmanas attached to it viz. Kathaka,
Taittiriya and Shatapatha Brahmana
• Dhanurveda is Upaveda of Yajurveda.
Sam Veda
• Samaveda contains the rhythmic compilation of Hymns for Rig-Veda. The
1549 hymns are there to be sung at the Soma Sacrifice by a special class
of Brahamins called Udgatris.
• Gandharveveda is Upaveda of Samveda.
• Panchavisha, Shadvisha and Jaiminiya Brahmanas are attached to
Samaveda.
Atharvaveda
• Atharvaveda is chronologically the latest Veda. It describes the popular
beliefs and superstitions of the humble folk.
• It contains the magic spells, incorporates much of early traditions of
healing and magic that are paralleled in other Indo-European literatures.
• It is ascribed to Atharvans and Angiras.
• Gopatha Brahman is linked to Atharvaveda.
• Atharvaveda has no Aranyakas appended to it

The Naujawan Bharat Sabha was founded by Bhagat Singh in 1926. It was a left-wing organization which sought independence by gathering together worker and peasant
youths. It was part of the Hindustan Republican Association. The British government
banned it. The members were responsible for killing J.P.Saunders and in meerut
conspiracy. Later it was merged with All India Youth League.

The Karachi Session of Muslim League was held in December, 1943. A
resolution demanding the creation of Pakistan was presented and Mohammed Ali Jinnah
had invented a new slogan "Divide and Quit".
The slogan "Divide and Quit" was not invented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah at any
specific session of the Muslim League. The slogan is often associated with the Muslim
League's demand for a separate homeland for Muslims, and the "Quit India" movement of
1942. The Muslim League's demand for Pakistan was formalized at the Lahore session in
1940. While the "Divide and Quit" slogan has been attributed to the Muslim League's stance
on partition, it's not directly linked to a specific session or inventor.

Judicial Reforms of Lord William Bentinck
• Abolition of Provincial Courts of Appeal (1829).
• Power of Magistrates increased.
• Summary disposal of rent cases.
• Appointment of Munsifs and Sadr Amins .
• Setting up of separate Sadr Diwani Adalat and Sadr Adalat at Allahabad
(1832).
• Introduction of Jury system.
• Adoption of vernacular as Court Language.
• Beginning of the Codification of Laws.

The British East India Company established a factory near Hariharpur, near Balasore
in Odisha in 1633. This factory was one of the earliest established by the British in India.
In addition to the Hariharpur factory, the British also established another factory at
Balasore on the Burabalang River. These factories were a key part of the British expansion
into the region and their efforts to establish a trading presence in India.

Indian School of Thought : Propounders
• Advaita- Adi Shanakar and his Guru Gaudapada
• Vishishtadvaita- Rāmānuja
• Dvaita - Madhwāchārya
• Dvaitādvaita - Nimbarka
• Shuddhādvaita - Vallabha
• Achintya Bhedābheda- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
• Purnādvaita or Integral Advaita - Shri Arubindo
• Modern Vedānta - Swami Vivekananda

Original home of Aryans
The various scholars and their suggested original homes are as follows:
• Max Muller – Central Asia
• Swami Dayanand Saraswati – Tibet
• Mayor – Pamir Plateau
• Hurz Feld – Turkistan
• J C Rod – Bactria
• Lokmanya Tilak – Arctic region

Home Rule Movement
• There were two home rule leagues launched.
• Tilak launched the Indian Home Rule League in April 1916 at Belgaum.
• Annie Besant launched the Home Rule League in September 1916 at Madras.

•They had the common objective of achieving self-government in India.
• There was an informal understanding between both the leagues wherein Tilak’s
league worked in Maharashtra (except Bombay), Karnataka, Berar and the Central
Provinces. Besant’s league worked in the rest of the country.
• Tilak’s league had its headquarters in Delhi. It had 6 branches. Besant’s league had
200 branches and was a looser organisation compared to Tilak’s.
• The two leagues worked closely with one another. However, they did not merge to
avoid friction between both the leaders.

It mobilized public opinion and increased political awareness

The Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) was the first nationwide movement launched
by Gandhiji in 1920 during British rule. It emerged as a powerful and fervent response to a
culmination of grievances and disillusionment that had been building up among the Indian
populace. Rowlatt Act and the brutal Jaliawala Bagh Massacre were the immediate causes
for launching the movement.
Congress, at its special session of Calcutta in September 1920, approved the Non-Cooperation movement, which was later endorsed by the Nagpur session of Congress

in December 1920. The movement saw tremendous participation of masses throughout the
country. However, the movement was called off by Gandhi on February 11, 1922, following
the Churi Chaura incident in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh.

The Civil Disobedience Movement, launched in 1930 under Mahatma Gandhi's
leadership, was a mass protest against colonial rule through nonviolent means such as
breaking the Salt Law, boycotting British goods, and refusing to pay taxes.
Regional Participation in Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)
• North-West Frontier Province (NWFP): Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan led the movement
here, earning the title “Frontier Gandhi.”
• Sholapur: Textile workers and residents went on strike, destroyed symbols of
colonial authority, and established a parallel government.
• Bihar and Bengal: Protesters launched anti-chowkidari tax campaigns.
• Gujarat: Villagers boycotted taxes and sought refuge in neighboring princely states
to escape repression.
• United Provinces: A no-rent and no-revenue campaign targeted zamindars and the
British government.
• Manipur and Nagaland: Leaders like Rani Gaidinliu actively participated, though she
was later captured and imprisoned.

Civil disobedience movement which started on March 12 with the famous
Dandi March by Gandhiji, the great hero of Indian War of Independence. The whole nation
supported Gandhiji in this movement. From Sabarmati Ashram of Gujarat, Gandhiji moved
towards Dandi sea coast with 78 Satyagrahis to break the unfair Salt Law of British Govt.
Only one Satyagrahi from Orissa named Motibas Das, about 20 years of age, joined that
Satyagrah with Gandhiji. After 24 days of long procession, Gandhiji, the Father of the
Nation reached Dandi and broke the Salt Law on 6th April 1930.
Orissa Congress Committee decided to launch that movement on 16 March 1930. Eminent
freedom fighter Gopabandhu Choudhury took charge to carry out the programme. All
District Congress Committees sent their workers to participate in the movement. Renowned

freedom fighters H.K. Mahatab and Surendra Nath Das prepared the ground at Inchudi in
Balasore District on the sea coast for the Salt Satyagrah.

Quit India Movement:
Dr. H.K.Mahtab, the eminent congress leader of Odisha was one of those-leaders who were arrested in Bombay and sent to the Ahmadnagar fort jail. As the news spread like wild fire, the people of Orissa joined the movement in large numbers. In
intensity and magnitude, Quit India movement in Orissa was the most successful mass
agitation in the region because of its anticolonial and antifeudal nature
The Quit India movement assumed the character of a formidable mass uprising in the
district of Koraput, mostly inhabited by the adivasis or aborigines. Carrying congress flags,
the satyagrahis circulated inflammatory pamphlets.
The most daring incident took place at Mathili Police Station in Koraput district when a mob
under the leadership of Laxman Naik tried to capture the Police Station. But the mob was
mercilessly beaten up. During the scuffle, a forest guard was killed and the police opened
fire killing five on the spot. Laxman Naik was falsely accused of beating the guard to death.
Later on, he was sentenced to death on 29th March 1943 in Berhampur Central Jail. Right
upto his very last breath on 29th March, 1943 in Berhampur Central Jail, he was found to
have chanted "Mahatma Gandhi Ki Jai", which reverberated the Jail Campus. In the

Papadahandi area of Nawarangpur Taluk also, Police shot dead 15 persons and many more
were injured.
At Kaipada-Kalamatia of Jaipur, Police opened fire. Even an aeroplane dropped tear gar
shells. Three people died on the sopt in police firing.
In Nimpada of Puri district two people were shot dead and 17 injured while the mob
gheraoed the police station.
An open field called Chandiaposi adjacent to the village lunia witnessed a police firing on22
September 1942 in which nine people died and five were injured. At Tudigadia and
Kahiradha also two persons were killed and one was injured due to police firing.
The most ghastly massacre that took place at Eram in the Balasore district is a memorable
event in the history of India's Freedom Struggle and it may be fittingly called the Jallianwala
Bagh tragedy in Orissa where 28 persons were killed and 56 persons were injured. It is true,
that nowhere in India were so many people killed in a single police action during the Quit
India Movement for which Eram has been named as "Rakta Tirtha".

Spread of Quit India Movement 1942: Despite British repression, the movement soon
spread underground in various parts of the country. Some of the most prominent features
of this movement were as follows:

Underground Activities
• An all-India underground leadership had also begun to emerge.

•The underground movement was helping in keeping up popular morale by
continuing to provide guidance and a line of command to the activists all over the
country.

•They also gathered and distributed funds and materials, including bombs, arms, and
dynamite, to underground groups throughout the country.

•Congress Socialists were generally in the lead, but active participants also included
Gandhian ashramites, Forward Bloc members, revolutionary terrorists, and other
Congress members.

•Prominent leaders of underground activities were – Aruna Asaf Ali, Achyut
Patwardhan, Sucheta Kripalani, Ram Manohar Lohia, Biju Patnaik, Chootubhai
Puranik, R. P. Goenka and Jayaprakash Narayan.

•Dissemination of news was a very important part of the activity. One of the most
prominent of them was the Congress Radio by Usha Mehta operated clandestinely
from different locations in Bombay city.

Parallel Government

•Emergence of parallel governments in various parts of the country was a significant
feature of the Quit India Movement 1942.

The first of such parallel government was proclaimed in Ballia, in East U.P., in
August 1942 under the leadership of Chittu Pande.

•In Tamluk, located in the Midnapur district of Bengal, the Jatiya Sarkar was
established on December 17, 1942, and continued until September 1944.
o The Jatiya Sarkar provided grants to schools, carried out cyclone relief efforts,
and organized an armed Vidyut Vahini.
o It also established arbitration courts and redistributed surplus paddy from
wealthier individuals to the poor.

Satara, in Maharashtra, became the base of the longest-lasting and most effective
parallel government, known as the Prati Sarkar, with Nani Patil as its key leader.

o  It organized attacks on government collaborators, informers, and lower-level
officials, as well as conducted Robin Hood-style robberies.
o  Nyayadan Mandals, or people’s courts, were set up, and justice was
dispensed.
o  Prohibition was enforced, and ‘Gandhi marriages’ were held, where
untouchables were invited and no ostentation was permitted.

Attack on Government Authorities

•Attack on the Government authorities also came to become a notable feature of
the Quit India Movement 1942.

•Peasant activities were completely focused on targeting symbols of British
authority, with no incidents of violence against zamindars.
• Government officials, particularly those at lower levels in the police and
administration, were notably supportive of the movement. They provided
information, gave shelter, and even helped monetarily.
• In fact, the erosion of loyalty among British Government officers was one of the
most striking features of the Quit India struggle.

Gandhi’s Response: In February 1943, Gandhi began a fast in jail in response to the
government’s repeated demands for him to condemn the violence associated with the Quit
India Movement. Gandhi not only refused to condemn the use of violence by the masses,
but also clearly placed the responsibility for it on the Government.

The Quit India Movement is also known as the August Movement. Winston Churchill
was the PM of Britain when the Quit India Movement had started in India. Mahatma
Gandhi gave the slogan of “Do or Die” at the Quit India Movement. In 1939, Indian
nationalists were angry that British Governor-General of India, Lord Linlithgow, brought
India into the war without consultation with them. This was one of the major reasons of
the Quit India Movement.

The Indian National Congress (INC) was formed by the Allan Octavian Hume in
1885. INC was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in
Asia and Africa.
First Session of the Congress: On 28 December 1885, 72 social reformers, journalists and
lawyers congregated for the first session of Indian National Congress at Gokaldas Tejpal
Sanskrit College, Bombay. There were 54 Hindus and 2 Muslims; the remaining members
were Jain and Parsi.
President: Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
Outcomes: Formation of Indian National Congress
Viceroy- Lord Dufferin.
Second Session: The second session of the Congress took place under the leadership of
Dadabhai Naoroji in Calcutta. The number of delegates had increased to 434. Towards the
end of the session, the Congress decided to set up Provincial Congress Committees across
the country.

Various political associations existed before the existence of the Indian
National Congress (INC- 1885).
• Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha(1836): Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha was founded in
1836 by the associates of Raja Rammohan Roy.
• Zamindari Association (1836): The Zamindari Association, also known as the
'Landholders' Society,' was established in 1838 to protect the landlords' interests.
• Bengal British India Society(1843): It was formed by William Adam, a friend of Raja
Ram Mohan Roy in 1843 in England.
• British Indian Association (1851): This organization was formed by merging the
Bengal Landholders Society and British India Society together in 1851.
• East India Association(1866) : It was started by Dadabhai Nawrojee in London in
1867.
• Poona Sarvajanik Sabha(1870): Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was established in 1870 by
M.G. Ranade, G.V. Joshi, S.H. Chiplankar and his associates.
• Indian League(1875): The Indian League was founded in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghosh
with the goal of "stimulating a sense of nationalism among the people" and
encouraging political education.

• Indian National Association (1876): This organization was formed by Bengali
Nationalists such as Anand Mohan Bose and Surendranath Banerjee in 1876.
• Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884) : M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P.
Ananda Charlu founded the Madras Mahajana Sabha in May 1884.
• Bombay Presidency Association (1885): The Bombay Presidency Association was
established by Pherozshah Mehta, K.T Telang, and Badruddin Tyabji in 1885.
The Social Service League was founded by Narayan Malhar Joshi, also known as
Nanasaheb Joshi. He established the league in 1911. The Social Service League was
dedicated to social work and welfare, including relief efforts for those affected by famines,
epidemics, and floods, according to Social Service League.

In Odisha's princely states, or Garhjat states, taxes were varied and often
exploitative. Beyond traditional land revenue (Ryotwari, Zamindari, Mahalwari systems), there were also forced levies and contributions like rasad (free ration), begari (forced labor
for transport), and suniya bethi (gifts). These practices, along with other forms of
oppression, fueled the Praja Mandal movement, a movement for popular government.
• Rasad (free supply of ration/food): People were forced to supply food and other
necessities for the ruler and his court.
• Begari (forced labor for transport): People were compelled to carry the luggage of
the ruler and his officials free of charge.
• Magan (free/forced contribution in cash or kind): Forced contributions were
demanded in cash or goods, often for the ruler's personal use.
• Suniya Bethi (new year gift): Gifts were often demanded annually from the subjects
to the ruler.
• Abwals (gifts and presents on festivals): People were obligated to offer gifts on
various religious and festive occasions.

Revolt of 1857
Places of Revolt Indian Leaders British Officials
who suppressed
the revolt
Delhi Bahadur Shah II John Nicholson
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal Henry Lawrence
Kanpur Nana Saheb Sir Colin Campbell
Jhansi & Gwalior Lakshmi Bai & Tantia
Tope
General Hugh Rose
Bareilly Khan Bahadur Khan Sir Colin Campbell
Allahabad and
Banaras
Maulvi Liyakat Ali Colonel Oncell
Bihar Kunwar Singh William Taylor

Doctrine of lapse:
▪ The notable British technique called the Doctrine of Lapse was first perpetrated
by Lord Dalhousie in the late 1840s.
▪ It involved the British prohibiting a Hindu ruler without a natural heir from adopting
a successor and, after the ruler died or abdicated, annexing his land.
▪ To those problems added the growing discontent of the Brahmans, many of whom
had been dispossessed of their revenues or had lost lucrative positions.
By virtue of the Doctrine of Lapse, Lord Dalhousie annexed Sambalpur in 1849, as
Narayan Singh had no male successor to succeed him. During the uprising of 1857 the sepoys set Surendra Sai and his brother Udyant Sai free. The resistance to British continued
in Sambalpur under the leadership of Surendra Sai.